Stoneware is a type of ceramic that is fired at extremely high temperatures, typically above 1200-1400 degrees Celsius. The intense heat during firing causes the clay to vitrify and become impermeable to water, even without a glaze. This property makes stoneware inherently waterproof, setting it apart from ceramics fired at lower temperatures, which often require glazing to achieve water resistance.
The history of stoneware dates back to ancient times, with early examples of unglazed stoneware produced in China around 2,000 years ago. However, it wasn't until the 13th century that stoneware was invented in Germany. In Britain, the production of stoneware began in the early 17th century.
Stoneware has a wide range of applications, including decorative items like jewelry and figurines, as well as functional objects such as tableware. Its impermeability to liquids makes it particularly well-suited for storing and transporting beverages like beer, wine, vinegar, and mineral water. Consequently, it found extensive use among grocers, wine and beer merchants, brewers, and homeowners for storing and selling these products.
One notable feature of stoneware vessels used for commercial purposes was the practice of stamping or transferring the names and addresses of merchants onto the pottery. This served as a form of advertising and allowed customers to easily identify the source of the product. Additionally, many stoneware items featured the maker's seal, providing information about the manufacturer.
Bristol, in particular, became a significant center for the production of stoneware jugs and bottles used by grocers, brewers, and wine merchants. Initially, several small manufacturers operated in the area, but by the 19th century, the industry came to be dominated by two major companies: Powell and Price. Stoneware products from Bristol are known for their quality and distinctive markings, making them valuable artifacts for collectors and historians.